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1500s Bora Bora Baby Asian Small Clawed Otters

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Species of mammal

Asian small-clawed otter
Zwergotter-Porträt.jpg

Conservation status


Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[i]

CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Form: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family unit: Mustelidae
Subfamily: Lutrinae
Genus: Aonyx
Species:

A. cinereus

Binomial name
Aonyx cinereus

(Illiger, 1815)
Oriental Small-clawed Otter area.png
Asian small-scale-clawed otter native range (in green)
Synonyms

Amblonyx cinereus
Aonyx cinerea

The Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus), also known equally the oriental small-clawed otter and the small-clawed otter, is an otter species native to South and Southeast Asia. It has brusk claws that exercise not extend beyond the pads of its webbed digits. With a total body length of 730 to 960 mm (28.6 to 37.6 in), it is the smallest otter species in the earth.

The Asian small-scale-clawed otter lives in riverine habitats, freshwater wetlands and mangrove swamps. It feeds on molluscs, crabs and other small aquatic animals. Information technology lives in pairs, but was also observed in family groups with upwards to 12 individuals.

It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Cherry-red List, and is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and in some areas as well by hunting.

Taxonomy [edit]

Lutra cinerea was the scientific name proposed past Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1815 for an otter collected in Batavia.[2] In the 19th and 20th centuries, several zoological specimens were described:

  • Lutra concolor proposed by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1832 was a compatible coloured otter from Assam. Rafinesque also proposed Amblonyx as name for a subgenus for otters with short, birdbrained claws.[3]
  • Lutra leptonyx proposed by Thomas Horsfield in 1824 were two adult small-clawed otters collected in Java.[iv] It was subordinated to the genus Aonyx by John Edward Gray in 1843.[5]
  • Amblonyx cinerea nirnai proposed by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1940 was a dark brown pocket-sized-clawed otter from Virajpet in South India.[6]

Phylogeny [edit]

Results of a mitochondrial cytochrome B analysis published in 1998 indicated that information technology should be subordinated to the genus Aonyx.[7] Results of a molecular written report published in 2008 showed that the Asian small-clawed otter is a sister taxon of Lutrogale, lending support to retaining the genus Amblonyx or expanding Aonyx to make information technology monophyletic. They genetically diverged about one.5 one thousand thousand years agone.[8]

The Asian small-clawed otter groups with the African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) and the smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) into a sister clade with the genus Lutra. Hybridisation of Asian small-clawed otter females with smooth-coated otter males occurred in Singapore. The resulting offspring and their descendants bred back into the smooth-coated otter population, but maintained the genes of their small-clawed otter ancestors. Today, a population of at to the lowest degree 60 hybrid otters are present in Singapore.[ix]

Characteristics [edit]

Closeup of a small-clawed otter'due south mouth

The Asian small-clawed otter has deep dark-brown fur with some rufous tinge on the dorsum, but paler below. Its underfur is lighter well-nigh the base. The sides of the cervix and caput are dark-brown, but its cheeks, upperlip, chin, throat and sides of the neck are whitish.[10] Its skull is short, and the naked rhinarium rounded above. The muzzle has long coarse vibrissae on either side. Its optics are located toward the front of the head. The small ears are oval-shaped with an inconspicuous tragus and antitragus. Its paws are narrow with short digits that are webbed to the last joint. At that place are curt hairs on the lower sides of the interdigital webs. The 4-lobed plantar pads are longer than wide. The claws are curt, almost erect, and in some individuals even absent.[eleven] Females have iv mammary glands.[12]

The Asian small-clawed otter is the smallest otter species in Asia. In caput-to-trunk length, it ranges from 470 to 610 mm (18.4 to 24 in) with a 260 to 350 mm (10.2 to 13.6 in) long tail. The tapering tail is thick and muscular, peculiarly at the base, and more than half the length of the body. Hind feet are 97 to 102 mm (3.eight to iv in) long. Length of skull ranges from 3.iii to 3.7 in (84 to 94 mm). It does not have upper premolars and simply four postcanine teeth above.[13] Adult captive otters range in weight from ii.7 to 3.5 kg (6.0 to seven.7 lb).[14]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The Asian small-clawed otter's native range comprises parts of Republic of india to Southeast Asia including the islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan. Information technology lives in freshwater wetlands such as swamps, meandering rivers, irrigated rice fields besides as estuaries, coastal lagoons and tidal pools. It occurs in Due west Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, and in coastal regions of Odisha. In Karnataka, Nilgiri and Palni hills in Tamil Nadu, information technology lives in shallow mount creeks upwards to an top of ii,000 one thousand (6,600 ft).[one] In West Coffee, it inhabits areas along slow-flowing irrigation channels, pond areas and rice fields surrounded by vegetation that offers shelter. It also occurs in mangroves.[xv]

In the 1980s, a few Asian pocket-size-clawed otters escaped from captivity in England and established a population in the wild.[xvi] [17]

Behaviour and ecology [edit]

Family group of Asian modest-clawed otters

The Asian small-clawed otter is more often than not active after nighttime.[18] [19] It lives in groups of up to 15 individuals.[xix] In the People's republic of bangladesh Sundarbans, 53 individuals were recorded in 351 km (218 mi) of water courses in 13 locations betwixt Nov 2014 and March 2015. Grouping size ranged from one to 12 individuals.[20] Group members communicate using 12 or more singled-out calls, and utter a diverseness of yelps and whimpers.[12] When disturbed, they scream to rally the help of others.[21]

When swimming on the surface, otters row with the forelimbs and paddle with the hind limbs.[22] When diving under water, they undulate their bodies and tails. Captive otters swim at speeds of 0.vii–1.2 m/south (2.3–3.9 ft/s).[14]

Observations of wild Asian small-clawed otters revealed that they smear their spraint at latrine sites, using their hind feet and tails. Large groups smeared more than than groups of three or fewer animals. The frequency of latrines with smeared scats varied in different locations, indicating a preference for certain sites. Spraint smearing most likely facilitates social ties amongst group members and is associated with territorial marker displays. They employ grassy or sandy banks for resting, sun bathing and grooming. In marshes, they employ mostly islands.[19]

Diet [edit]

The Asian small-clawed otter feeds mainly on crabs, mudskippers and Trichogaster fish. Its nutrition varies seasonally. When and where available, it also catches snakes, frogs, insects, rats and ricefield fish similar catfish, Anabas testudineus and Channa striata.[nineteen] The size of crabs institute in spraints in Huai Kha Khaeng Wild animals Sanctuary ranged in carapace width from 10 to 44 cm (3.9 to 17.3 in).[23] Captive Asian pocket-size-clawed otters were observed to leave shellfish in the sun, and so that the oestrus causes them to open. That way, they swallow the crustaceans without having to vanquish the shells.[12]

Reproduction [edit]

Data about the Asian pocket-sized-clawed otter's mating and convenance behaviour has been studied in convict environments. Captive pairs are monogamous. The estrous wheel of females lasts 28 to 30 days with estrus lasting between one and 13 days. Usually, mating takes identify in the water.[24] Gestation lasts 62 to 86 days. Interval betwixt births is at least eight months.[25] About two weeks before parturition, both female and male person engage in building a nest. They collect grass, hay or straw and carry this material into the breeding chamber. Between i and seven pups are born in a litter. Pups are born with closed optics, which open in the fifth week.[24] Newborn pups counterbalance betwixt 45.6 and 62.five g (ane.61 and two.20 oz) and attain a weight of 410–988 g (14.5–34.9 oz) subsequently 60 days.[26] They kickoff exploring the surroundings of the convenance den at the historic period of ten weeks. At nigh three months, they enter and paddle in shallow water nether the guidance of the mother. They get independent at the age of four to five months.[24]

Threats [edit]

The Asian small-clawed otter is threatened by poaching for its fur, loss and destruction of habitats such as loma streams, peat swamp forests and mangroves for aquaculture projects. Threats in India include deforestation, conversion of natural habitat for tea and coffee plantations, overfishing of rivers and water pollution through pesticides.[one]

It is the most sought after otter species for the illegal pet trade in Asia. At least 711 Asian pocket-sized-clawed otters were offered for sale through online websites by 280 traders in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam between 2016 and 2017.[27] Betwixt December 2015 and Oct 2018, 49 Asian pocket-size-clawed otters were confiscated from wildlife traffickers in Thailand, Vietnam and Nippon; 35 of them were bound for sale in Nihon.[28]

Conservation [edit]

Asian small-scale-clawed otter pond with Indian rhino at Zoo Basel

The Asian minor-clawed otter was listed on CITES Appendix II and is protected in about all range countries prohibiting its killing.[i] Since Baronial 2019, it is included in CITES Appendix I, thus strengthening its protection in regards to international trade.[29]

In captivity [edit]

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums established a Species Survival Plan for the Asian small-scale-clawed otter in 1983 to encourage research on captive breeding.[30] [31]

In Europe, Zoo Basel keeps Asian minor-clawed otters together with Indian rhino.[32]

Asian small-clawed otters suffering from osteoporosis display resorption of hyperactive os and cartilage by osteoclasts in many bone sites, which causes pockmarks on all the bones.[33]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e Wright, L.; de Silva, P.; Chan, B. & Reza Lubis, I. (2015). "Aonyx cinereus". IUCN Cherry-red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T44166A21939068. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-two.RLTS.T44166A21939068.en . Retrieved 16 Jan 2022.
  2. ^ Illiger, C. (1815). "Überblick der Säugethiere nach ihrer Verteilung über die Welttheile". Abhandlungen der Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 1804−1811: 39−159. Archived from the original on four April 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  3. ^ Rafinesque, C. Southward. (1832). "Clarification of a New Otter, Lutra concolor, from Assam in Republic of india". Atlantic journal, and friend of knowledge in eight numbers : containing nigh 160 original articles and tracts on natural and historical sciences, the description of most 150 new plants, and 100 new animals or fossils ; many vocabularies of languages, historical and geological facts. Philadelphia. p. 62.
  4. ^ Horsfield, T. (1824). "Lutra leptonyx". Zoological researches in Java, and the neighbouring islands. London: Kingsbury, Parbury & Allen. pp. 185–191.
  5. ^ Grey, J. E. (1843). "The Wargul. Aonyx leptonyx". List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. p. 71.
  6. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1940). "Notes on Some British Indian Otters, with Clarification of ii new Subspecies". The Journal of the Mumbai Natural History Society. 41 (3–iv): 514–517.
  7. ^ Koepfli, K.-P. & Wayne, R. K. (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome B sequences". Journal of Zoology. 246 (four): 401–416. doi:x.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x.
  8. ^ Koepfli, 1000.P.; Kanchanasaka, B.; Sasaki, H.; Jacques, H.; Louie, K.D.Y.; Hoai, T.; Dang, N.X.; Geffen, Due east.; Gutleb, A.; Han, Southward.; Heggberget, T. Thou.; LaFontaine, 50.; Lee, H.; Melisch, R.; Ruiz-Olmo, J.; Santos-Reis, Chiliad.; Sidorovich, V.E.; Stubbe, Thou. & Wayne, R.K. (2008). "Establishing the foundation for an practical molecular taxonomy of otters in Southeast Asia" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. nine (6): 1589–1604. doi:10.1007/s10592-007-9498-5. S2CID 24619297.
  9. ^ Moretti, B.; Al-Sheikhly, O. F.; Guerrini, M.; Theng, G.; Gupta, B. K.; Haba, M. K.; Khan, W. A.; Khan, A. A. & Barbanera, F. (2017). "Phylogeography of the smoothen-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata): distinct evolutionary lineages and hybridization with the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus)". Scientific Reports. 7: 41611. doi:10.1038/srep41611. PMC5269716. PMID 28128366.
  10. ^ Blanford, W. T. (1888). "Lutra leptonyx. The clawless Otter". The Fauna of British Republic of india, Including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 187–188.
  11. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1921). "On the External Characters of some Species of Lutrinae (Otters)". Proceedings of the Zoological Lodge of London. 37 (3): 535–545.
  12. ^ a b c Timmins, Westward. H. (1971). "Observations on convenance the oriental short clawed otter Amblonyx cinerea at Chester Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook. xi: 109–111. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1971.tb01868.x.
  13. ^ Pocock, R. I. (1941). "Genus Amblonyx, Rafinesque". The Fauna of British Bharat including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia Two. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 303–317.
  14. ^ a b Borgwardt, N. & Culik, B. Thousand. (1999). "Asian small-clawed otters (Amblonyx cinerea): resting and swimming metabolic rates". Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology. 169 (2): 100–106. doi:10.1007/s003600050199. PMID 10227184. S2CID 22682528.
  15. ^ Melisch, R.; Kusumawardhani, L.; Asmoro, P. B. & Lubis, I. R. (1996). The otters of west Coffee – a survey of their distribution and habitat utilize and a strategy towards a species conservation programme. Bogor, Indonesia: Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme.
  16. ^ Jefferies, D. J. (1989). "The Asian short-clawed otter Amblonyx cinerea (Illiger) living wild in U.k.". Otters (Earsham). two (3): 21–25.
  17. ^ Jefferies, D. J. (1991). "Another tape of an Asian curt-clawed otter living costless in Oxford with notes on its implications". Journal of the Otter Trust. 2 (two): 9–12.
  18. ^ Hutton, A. F. (1949). "Notes on the Snakes and the Mammals of the High Wavy Mountains, Madura District, South Republic of india. Part Two – Mammals". Journal of the Mumbai Natural History Society. 48 (four): 681–694.
  19. ^ a b c d Foster-Turley, P. (1992). Conservation ecology of sympatric Asian otters Aonyx cinerea and Lutra perspicillata (Ph.D. Dissertation). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
  20. ^ Aziz, Chiliad.A. (2018). "Notes on population status and feeding behaviour of Asian Small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of People's republic of bangladesh". IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 35 (1): 3–10.
  21. ^ Sivasothi, N. & Nor, B. H. M. (1994). "A review of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae: Lutrinae) in Malaysia and Singapore". Hydrobiologia. 285 (1–iii): 1–3. doi:10.1007/BF00005663. S2CID 44011643.
  22. ^ Fish, F. E. (1994). "Clan of propulsive swimming manner with behaviour in the river otters (Lutra canadensis)". Periodical of Mammalogy. 75 (4): 989–997. doi:10.2307/1382481. JSTOR 1382481.
  23. ^ Kruuk, H.; Kanchanasaka, B.; O'Sullivian, S. & Wanghongsa, S. (1994). "Niche separation in 3 sympatric otters Lutra perspicillata, Lutra lutra and Aonyx cinerea in Huai Kha Khaeng, Thailand". Biological Conservation. 69: 115–210. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90334-4.
  24. ^ a b c Lancaster, W. Eastward. (1975). "Exhibiting and breeding the Asian small-clawed otter at Adelaide Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook. 15: 63–65. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-1090.1975.tb01355.ten.
  25. ^ Sobel, Chiliad. (1996). Development and validation of noninvasive, fecal steroid monitoring procedures for the Asian small-scale-clawed otter, Aonyx cinerea (Master of Science). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
  26. ^ Maslanka, M. T. & Crissey, S. D. (1998). "Nutrition and nutrition". In Lombardi, D. & O'Connor, J. (eds.). Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) husbandary manual. Powell, Ohio: Columbus Zoological Gardens and AZA Asian Small-Clawed Otter SSP. pp. ane–18.
  27. ^ Gomez, L. & Bouhuys, J. (2018). Illegal Otter Trade in Southeast Asia (PDF). Kelana Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: Traffic Southeast Asia Regional Office.
  28. ^ Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C. R. (2019). "Stronger International Regulations and Increased Enforcement Attempt is needed to end the Illegal Merchandise in Otters in Asia" (PDF). IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 36 (2): 71–76.
  29. ^ DTE Staff (2019). "CITES CoP 2019: Otters given highest protection from trade". DownToEarth.
  30. ^ Foster-Turley, P. & Engfar, S. (1988). "The Species Survival Program for the Asian small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea". International Zoo Yearbook. 27: 79–84. doi:ten.1111/j.1748-1090.1988.tb03199.x.
  31. ^ Foster-Turley, P. (1986). "A progress report on the species survival plan for Asian small-clawed otters in Usa zoos". Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 1: xix–21.
  32. ^ "Zoo-Nachwuchs sorgt für Trubel". Zoo Basel (in German). 2012.
  33. ^ Kim, I.-S.; Sim, J.-H.; Cho, J.-W.; Kim, B.; Lee, Y.; Ahn, D. (2020). "Osteoporosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus Illiger, 1815)". Journal of Veterinarian Medical Scientific discipline. 82 (iii): 376–378. doi:ten.1292/jvms.19-0546. PMC7118488. PMID 32009030.

External links [edit]

  • "Asian Small-clawed Otter". IUCN Otter Specialist Group.
  • "Aonyx cinerea, Oriental small-clawed otter". Animal Diversity Spider web.
  • "Asian small-scale-clawed otter". Smithsonian'south National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute.
  • "Ban on endangered otter trade to have effect amid pet smash in Japan". Kyodo News. 2019.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter

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